What is the optimal maximum water velocity through pipes under normal operating conditions?

The optimal maximum water velocity through pipes under normal operating conditions is considered to be around 5 feet per second (fps) due to several important factors related to system performance and maintenance.

At this velocity, the flow is typically sufficient to avoid sedimentation and maintain good water quality by enabling the particles to remain in suspension. This helps to reduce the risk of clogging and degradation of the internal pipe surfaces. Additionally, a velocity of 5 fps ensures that turbulence is controlled, which helps to minimize the erosion of pipe materials and extend the lifespan of the infrastructure.

Higher velocities, while capable of moving water quickly, can lead to issues such as increased friction losses, which may require higher pumping energy and costs. It can also result in unpleasant noise and potential damage to the piping system over time. Conversely, lower velocities might not effectively transport water and could allow for sedimentation, leading to other operational challenges.

Hence, 5 fps strikes a balance between efficiency and sustainability in water distribution systems, making it the optimal choice under typical operating conditions.